Which of the following is NOT included in Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences proposes that intelligence is not a single general ability, but rather a combination of various distinct modalities through which individuals process information and perform tasks. The theory originally identified seven intelligences, which includes bodily-kinesthetic, visual-spatial, and musical intelligences, among others.

Cognitive, while an essential aspect of intellectual functioning, is not categorized as a separate intelligence within Gardner’s framework. Cognitive tasks might relate to several intelligences as they involve mental processes, but they do not represent a distinct type of intelligence according to Gardner. This understanding reflects the multifaceted nature of intelligence that Gardner emphasizes, focusing instead on specific ways individuals demonstrate their abilities and talents across different domains.